from manim import * import numpy as np from scipy import signal # --- CONFIGURAÇÃO DO CIRCUITO (REUTILIZÁVEL) --- def get_buck_circuit(u_val, tracker_t, Vin_label="V_{in}"): GND_Y, TOP_Y = -1.8, 0.7 mid_y = (TOP_Y + GND_Y) / 2 P1_X, P2_X, P3_X, P4_X, P5_X = -3.8, -1.8, 0.2, 2.2, 4.2 # Fonte fonte_circ = Circle(radius=0.35, color=WHITE).move_to([P1_X, mid_y, 0]) fonte_sign = MathTex("+", "-").arrange(DOWN, buff=0.15).scale(0.8).move_to(fonte_circ) fonte = VGroup( Line([P1_X, TOP_Y, 0], fonte_circ.get_top()), fonte_circ, fonte_sign, Line(fonte_circ.get_bottom(), [P1_X, GND_Y, 0]), MathTex(Vin_label).next_to(fonte_circ, LEFT) ) # Chave no_a = Dot([P2_X - 0.4, TOP_Y, 0]) no_b = Dot([P2_X + 0.4, TOP_Y, 0]) chave_line = always_redraw(lambda: Line( no_a.get_center(), no_b.get_center() if u_val(tracker_t.get_value()) > 0.5 else no_b.get_center() + UP*0.6, color=YELLOW if u_val(tracker_t.get_value()) > 0.5 else WHITE, stroke_width=5 )) # Diodo (Roda Livre - Catodo para cima) diodo_tri = Triangle(color=WHITE, fill_opacity=1).scale(0.18).rotate(30*DEGREES).move_to([P3_X, mid_y + 0.1, 0]) diodo_bar = Line([P3_X-0.25, diodo_tri.get_top()[1], 0], [P3_X+0.25, diodo_tri.get_top()[1], 0], stroke_width=4) diodo = VGroup( Line([P3_X, TOP_Y, 0], diodo_tri.get_top()), diodo_tri, diodo_bar, Line(diodo_tri.get_bottom(), [P3_X, GND_Y, 0]), MathTex("b").next_to(diodo_tri, LEFT, buff=0.2) ) # Indutor indutor = VGroup() for i in range(4): arc = Arc(radius=0.18, start_angle=PI, angle=-PI, color=GOLD).shift([P3_X + 0.2 + i*0.36, TOP_Y, 0]) indutor.add(arc) l_label = MathTex("L").next_to(indutor, UP, buff=0.2) end_indutor_x = P3_X + 0.2 + 3*0.36 + 0.18 # Capacitor cap = VGroup( Line([P4_X, TOP_Y, 0], [P4_X, mid_y + 0.1, 0]), Line([P4_X-0.3, mid_y + 0.1, 0], [P4_X+0.3, mid_y + 0.1, 0]), Line([P4_X-0.3, mid_y - 0.1, 0], [P4_X+0.3, mid_y - 0.1, 0]), Line([P4_X, mid_y - 0.1, 0], [P4_X, GND_Y, 0]), MathTex("C").next_to([P4_X, mid_y, 0], RIGHT) ) # Resistor res_h = 0.8 res_zig = VMobject().set_points_as_corners([ [P5_X, mid_y + res_h/2, 0], *[ [P5_X + (0.15 if i%2==0 else -0.15), mid_y + res_h/2 - (i+1)*(res_h/7), 0] for i in range(6) ], [P5_X, mid_y - res_h/2, 0] ]) resistor = VGroup( Line([P5_X, TOP_Y, 0], [P5_X, mid_y + res_h/2, 0]), res_zig, Line([P5_X, mid_y - res_h/2, 0], [P5_X, GND_Y, 0]), MathTex("R").next_to(res_zig, RIGHT) ) terra = Line([P1_X, GND_Y, 0], [P5_X, GND_Y, 0], color=GREY) conexoes = VGroup( Line([P1_X, TOP_Y, 0], no_a.get_center()), Line(no_b.get_center(), [P3_X, TOP_Y, 0]), Line([end_indutor_x, TOP_Y, 0], [P4_X, TOP_Y, 0]), Line([P4_X, TOP_Y, 0], [P5_X, TOP_Y, 0]) ) return VGroup(fonte, no_a, no_b, chave_line, diodo, indutor, l_label, cap, resistor, terra, conexoes) # --- CENA 1: FREQUÊNCIA LENTA (4 Hz) --- class BuckLento(Scene): def construct(self): Vin, L, C, R = 12.0, 0.04, 0.01, 5.0 freq, duty, t_max = 4.0, 0.6, 2.0 # Simulação sys = signal.TransferFunction([Vin], [L*C, L/R, 1]) t_sim = np.linspace(0, t_max, 2000) u_sim = [1.0 if (t % (1/freq)) < (duty * (1/freq)) else 0.0 for t in t_sim] _, y_sim, _ = signal.lsim(sys, U=u_sim, T=t_sim) y_interp = lambda t: np.interp(t, t_sim, y_sim) u_func = lambda t: 1.0 if (t % (1/freq)) < (duty * (1/freq)) else 0.0 tracker_t = ValueTracker(0) circuito = get_buck_circuit(u_func, tracker_t).scale(0.85).to_edge(LEFT, buff=0.7).shift(UP*1.0) eixos_pwm = Axes(x_range=[0, t_max, 0.5], y_range=[0, 1.2, 1], x_length=4, y_length=1.2, axis_config={"tip_length": 0.1, "tip_width": 0.1}).to_edge(RIGHT, buff=0.5).shift(UP*2.2) eixos_vo = Axes(x_range=[0, t_max, 0.5], y_range=[0, 12, 4], x_length=4, y_length=2.2, axis_config={"tip_length": 0.1, "tip_width": 0.1}).next_to(eixos_pwm, DOWN, buff=0.8) ponto_pwm = always_redraw(lambda: Dot(eixos_pwm.c2p(tracker_t.get_value(), u_func(tracker_t.get_value())), color=YELLOW, radius=0.04)) ponto_vo = always_redraw(lambda: Dot(eixos_vo.c2p(tracker_t.get_value(), y_interp(tracker_t.get_value())), color=RED, radius=0.04)) self.add(circuito, eixos_pwm, eixos_vo, eixos_pwm.get_axis_labels(x_label="t", y_label="u(t)"), eixos_vo.get_axis_labels(x_label="t", y_label="y(t)"), ponto_pwm, TracedPath(ponto_pwm.get_center, stroke_color=YELLOW), ponto_vo, TracedPath(ponto_vo.get_center, stroke_color=RED)) self.play(tracker_t.animate.set_value(t_max), run_time=12, rate_func=linear) self.wait(2) # --- CENA 2: FREQUÊNCIA RÁPIDA (100 Hz) --- class BuckRapido(Scene): def construct(self): Vin, L, C, R = 12.0, 0.04, 0.01, 5.0 freq, duty, t_max = 100.0, 0.6, 0.5 sys = signal.TransferFunction([Vin], [L*C, L/R, 1]) t_sim = np.linspace(0, t_max, 5000) u_sim = [1.0 if (t % (1/freq)) < (duty * (1/freq)) else 0.0 for t in t_sim] _, y_sim, _ = signal.lsim(sys, U=u_sim, T=t_sim) y_interp = lambda t: np.interp(t, t_sim, y_sim) u_func = lambda t: 1.0 if (t % (1/freq)) < (duty * (1/freq)) else 0.0 tracker_t = ValueTracker(0) circuito = get_buck_circuit(u_func, tracker_t).scale(0.85).to_edge(LEFT, buff=0.7).shift(UP*1.0) eixos_pwm = Axes(x_range=[0, t_max, 0.1], y_range=[0, 1.2, 1], x_length=4, y_length=1.2, axis_config={"tip_length": 0.1, "tip_width": 0.1}).to_edge(RIGHT, buff=0.5).shift(UP*2.2) eixos_vo = Axes(x_range=[0, t_max, 0.1], y_range=[0, 12, 4], x_length=4, y_length=2.2, axis_config={"tip_length": 0.1, "tip_width": 0.1}).next_to(eixos_pwm, DOWN, buff=0.8) ponto_pwm = always_redraw(lambda: Dot(eixos_pwm.c2p(tracker_t.get_value(), u_func(tracker_t.get_value())), color=YELLOW, radius=0.02)) ponto_vo = always_redraw(lambda: Dot(eixos_vo.c2p(tracker_t.get_value(), y_interp(tracker_t.get_value())), color=RED, radius=0.02)) self.add(circuito, eixos_pwm, eixos_vo, eixos_pwm.get_axis_labels(x_label="t", y_label="u(t)"), eixos_vo.get_axis_labels(x_label="t", y_label="y(t)"), ponto_pwm, TracedPath(ponto_pwm.get_center, stroke_color=YELLOW, stroke_width=2), ponto_vo, TracedPath(ponto_vo.get_center, stroke_color=RED, stroke_width=2)) self.play(tracker_t.animate.set_value(t_max), run_time=15, rate_func=linear) self.wait(2)